1.In which of the following is not used for suturing?
a) Silk
b) Nylon
c) Polyester
d) Bakelite
Explanation: Suturing is the process of closing the wound. It is either stitched back or stapled back. Various different materials are used to suture the wound. Bakelite is hard, non flexible material so it cannot be used as a suture thread but recent trials are being made to develop a suturing needle from Bakelite.
2. What are all precautions taken for a patient directly out of surgery?
a) The injury should not be infected
b) The person must take a bath
c) The blood pressure should go down
d) The blood sugar should go up
Explanation: For a person directly out of surgery, the main concern is that the site of operation and injury should not be infected. An operated person is given a sponge bath if the need arises but mostly after surgery, they should keep away from water. The parameters that were observed before and during the surgery, the same parameters are monitored even after the surgery
3. The following steps are for _______
i. Alcohol with Chlorhexidine ii. Alcohol without Chlorhexidine iii. Chlorhexadine 2% iv. Chlorhexadine 4% v. Povidone with Iodine 7.5% – 10% vi. Triclosan 1% vii. Phenolics viii. Quarternary Ammonium Compound ix. 3% hexachlorophane
a) sterilization
b) disinfection
c) antiseptic
d) hand washing
Explanation: Before and after surgery it is important to wash hands properly. The above given steps are used to wash hands properly with procedure and chemicals that are used. The movements of washing the hands also need to be followed carefully.
4. What are the temperature and humidity maintained in an OT?
a) T = 20 – 26 ℃, H = 20% – 30% air exchanges = 7 – 8 per hour
b) T = 18 – 22 ℃, H = 40% – 50% air exchanges = 10 – 12 per hour
c) T = 10 – 12 ℃, H = 10% – 30% air exchanges = 9 – 10 per hour
d) T = 30 – 35 ℃, H = 50% – 60% air exchanges = 15 – 20 per hour
Explanation: An OT is normally cool without being cold. The humidity and temperature need to be maintained so that the body does not go into any other kind of shock. Once under anaesthesia, the normal functions like homeostasis of the body can also get disrupted thus an external maintenance is needed. It is important for fresh air to keep circulating in the room so that the risk of infection goes down. The number of exchanges can’t be too high to avoid cooling nor can they be too low or else infectious particles may settle down.
5. What is the purpose of CSSD?
a) storage of clean equipment
b) providing sterile equipment to the operation theater
c) storing sterile equipment
d) pharmacy of the operation theater
Explanation: CSSD stands for Central Sterile & Supply Department. All the equipment that is used in the hospital, especially surgeries, is kept in this store. The area is responsible for disinfecting all the equipment and preparing it for use again and keeping the disinfected instruments in a sterile environment.
6. Which machine uses the temperature and pressure of the steam for disinfection?
a) Laminar Airflow
b) Autoclave
c) Oven
d) Water Jet
Explanation: An autoclave produces steam at high temperature and maintains great pressure to destroy the microbes. The autoclave does heat and steam treatment of the instruments at 134℃ for three minutes or at 121℃ for fifteen minutes. This high pressure and high heat treatment help destroy a number of microbes.
7. Which of the following cannot be autoclaved?
a) catheter
b) mes
c) scalpel
d) scissors
Explanation: Catheter is a soft instrument, made of polymers rather than any metallic substance. The high heat and water pressure of the autoclave can cause the polymer to melt or get damaged. Thus, it undergoes chemical treatment.
8. Which of the following chemicals are used to treat the instruments made out of polymers?
i) Ethylene Oxide ii) Hydrochloric Acid iii) Silver Cyanide iv) Ozone v) Bleach vi) Saline Solution vii) Sulphuric Acid viii) Glutaraldehyde and Formaldehyde ix) Phthalaldehyde x) Hydrogen Peroxide xi) Nitric Acid xii) Peracetic Acid xiii) Silver xiv) Formic Acid xv) Citric Acid
a) i, ii, iii, iv, v, vi
b) ii, iv, vi, viii, x, xii
c) i, iv, v, viii, ix, x, xii, xiii
d) iii, iv, ix, xii, xv
Explanation: Instruments made out of polymers cannot be treated with high heat or pressure like autoclaves because it can cause the instrument to be damaged. Thus, they are treated with chemicals. These chemicals need to be strong enough to destroy the microorganisms but should not be corrosive or else they will destroy the instrument.
9. How are the gauze and cotton sterilized?
a) Hot air sterilization
b) Wet Heat Sterilization
c) Sterilization Under High Pressure
d) Chemical Sterilization
Explanation: Gauze and cotton are cloth materials which have their own pores. Using moist sterilization will cause them to become wet and they may not dry out. Chemical sterilization also poses the same problem, the chemicals may stay back and adhere to the gauze and cotton. For sterilization under pressure, again moisture is required. Thus, hot air sterilization is used. Hot air at high temperature and pressure is blown and the gauze and cotton are sterilized.
10. What machine is used to package the cotton and gauze?
a) Heat Sealing Machine
b) UV sealing Machine
c) Zip Lock Machine
d) Needle and Thread Sealing
Explanation: The gauze and cotton are placed in special pouches which have been sealed from three sides before hand. After the gauze or the cotton has been placed, the fourth side, which is open is placed in between the heat sealing tubes and the pouch is sealed.