1. How many blood types exist including the positive and negative factors?
a) 3
b) 4
c) 8
d) 6
Explanation: Blood is classified into two factors, antigen-antibody and rhesus factor. There are two types of antigens A and B. The cells having antigen A have antibody B while those having antigen B have antibody A. This makes the blood group A and B. AB blood group have both antigens A and B and no antibodies. Blood group has no antigens but antibodies for both. This makes four blood groups A, B, AB, O. The presence and absence of Rh factor make these four blood groups into 8. A+, A-, B+, B-, AB+, AB-, O+ and O-.
2. If the blood of two different groups is mixed together, what problem is observed?
a) Coagulation
b) Agglutination
c) Thrombus formation
d) Embolism
Explanation: The blood group is determined by the presence of antigen on the surface of the blood cells. When this antigen exists for one group, an antibody for the other group will exist as well. Thus, when the blood of the opposing group enters the body, the antibody attacks the antigen and they form a clump. This is called as agglutination.
3. Other than transfusion, when is it necessary to take the Rh factor into consideration?
a) Cathertization
b) Spleen Rupture
c) Pregnancy
d) Blood Donation
Explanation: Erythroblastosis foetalis is a condition that may happen to a woman when she is pregnant. When a woman with RH- blood type conceives a baby with RH+ blood type, the body perceives it as a threat and starts producing antibodies. This can cause the baby to die in the womb and so RH factor must be monitored especially if the woman is RH-. Certain medications and treatments can help reverse this condition.
4. Which blood type is a universal donor?
a) O –
b) O +
c) AB –
d) AB +
Explanation: In O- the antigens for A and B are both absent and so is the antigen D (more commonly known as the Rhesus factor). Thus, O- can donate blood to all types of blood groups quite safely.
5. If a person has AB- blood, who all can donate blood to him?
a) A+ , B-, O -, AB+
b) A- , B -, O+, AB+
c) A+, B+, O+, AB-
d) A-, B-, O-, AB-
Explanation: A person with AB- blood has antigens for A and B and the antibodies for them are absent. Since the blood group is negative, it means that antigen D or the Rhesus factor is also absent in the blood. Thus, all blood groups with negative rhesus factors can donate blood.
6. Extraction of a small section of diseased tissue to study and diagnose is called ______
a) autopsy
b) biopsy
c) necrosis
d) endoscopy
Explanation: A cell is the smallest individually functioning unit of a body. Thus, when a body is diseased, all the cells of the diseases tissues shows a similar kind of response and reactions. Thus, a small part of the diseased tissue is extracted which is used to study and analyze the problem. This is called a biopsy.
7. On collecting blood, what solution is added to it?
a) sodium citrate
b) potassium citrate
c) sodium phosphate
d) potassium phosphate
Explanation: Sodium Citrate is an anticoagulant. Adding it ensures that the blood does not coagulate in the blood bags. If the blood is left static, i.e. if it does not keep moving, it starts coagulating. Once even if a small amount of blood has coagulated, even if it has a few cells, the coagulation spreads. The coagulation of blood can begin within a few minutes after extraction of blood and can finish within a few hours. To avoid this situation, anticoagulants are used.
8. Which of the following tests can be performed on the extracted blood?
i) HIV ii) Diabetes iii) Hepatitis B surface antigen iv) Malaria v) Antibody to Hepatitis C vi) Serological test for Syphilis vii) Dengue viii) Creatinine
a) i, iii, v, vi
b) i, ii, iii, iv, v, vi, viii, viii
c) ii, iv, vii, viii
d) i, v, viii
Explanation: Once the blood has been donated, before storing it, it undergoes some basic tests to ensure that it can be used for transfusing into a patient in times of need. The tests include all those pathological problems that can be transmitted via blood. This blood test serves two purposes, one is to check if the donated blood is appropriate for transfusion, the second is that if any abnormality is detected, the person can be called back for further tests.
9. How much blood does the body have in reserve and where is it stored?
a) 150 ml stored in liver
b) 10 ml stored in gall bladder
c) 100 ml stored in the spleen
d) 15 ml stored in the heart
Explanation: Spleen stores almost three months of reserves of blood. When the body suffers from blood loss due to injury or trauma, the spleen releases blood to act as a buffer and prevent any critical situations from happening. Even after blood donation, the spleen releases blood to cover up for the loss. It takes almost three months for the spleen to recover its lost blood.
10. What is the optimum temperature to store blood right after collecting it?
a) 25℃
b) 22℃
c) 20℃
d) 15℃
Explanation: Once the blood is collected, it is stored at 22℃. At this temperature, the blood proteins are safe from degeneration, the cells function properly and the presence of anticoagulants ensures that the blood is not clotting.