1.In the bones, the calcium and phosphate ions are organized in which biological structure?
a) Tetrahedral
b) Hydroxyapatite
c) Clustered
d) Random
Explanation: The chemical formula of hydroxyapatite is Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2. The organization of this molecule is such that it provides strength and support to the structure. Shells of various marine animals are also arranged in this manner which helps them bear the tremendous pressure of the sea.
2. Reorganize the following steps that happen during fracture healing.
i. Weight bearing – Cartilageous callus formation
ii. Weight bearing – Granular tissue formation
iii. Remodeling to original bone contour
iv. Lamellar bone deposition
v. Formation of blood clot and inflammation
a) i, ii, iv, v, iii
b) iv, iii, i, ii, v
c) v, i, iii, iv, ii
d) v, ii, i, iv, iii
Explanation: For the first step in the healing process, there is a formation of the blood clot and inflammation takes place. This inflammation is due to the WBCs destroying all the harmful materials. This area receives more of blood flow to remove the dead WBCs and to provide nutrients. After inflammation, the person is given activities to allow weight bearing. This allows for the nutrients to be better absorbed and the bone to become stronger. The granular tissue is the matrix on which the cartilageous tissue will grow and then get ossified. As the bone heals, weight bearing causes it to regain its old shape.
3. Mr. A met with an accident and his right femur broke at 3 different places. The cut was a clean break and the four pieces were put back together in their original place. What kind of fracture did he have?
a) Contusion
b) Hairline Fracture
c) Multiple Fracture
d) Simple Fracture
Explanation: When a bone breaks at many places but the break is clean and can be put together in its original place or if many bones break together, then these two kinds of fractures are called multiple fractures. In a compound fracture, the bones break into tiny pieces and that too very close together. It is not possible to fit them in their original places so the bones are removed. In Mr. A’s case, a simple support rod along with placing the bones in their original place should help his leg recover.
4. The severity of a ligament injury progresses from ___________
a) strain to tear
b) sprain to tear
c) strain to sprain
d) sprain to strain
Explanation: When a ligament is injured, the severity goes from the sprain to tear. When a muscle is injured, the severity is measured from strain to tear. Sprain/strain both stand for the pull of the fibers. If the pull is small, it will result in simple inflammation. If the pull is severe, it will result in a tear.
5. Complete the following relationship.
Anterior : Posterior :: Ventral : _________
a) dorsal
b) fin
c) central
d) extension
Explanation: Anterior and ventral both stand for towards the front while the terms posterior and dorsal stand for towards the back. Central is simply meant towards the center of the body and extension is an action of straightening the body. Fin is a part of fish.
6. In medical terminology, what is the difference between Superior & Inferior and Cranial & Caudal?
a) No difference
b) Superior & Inferior is for large structures while Cranial & Caudal is for those in and around the brain and tail
c) Superior & inferior is used for humans while Cranial & Caudal is used for animals
d) Superior & Inferior is used for animals while Cranial & Caudal is used for plants
Explanation: Cranial and Superior both mean towards the brain or towards the head. However, Caudal means towards the tail while Inferior both mean towards the legs. This distinction of terminology exists because animals have tails. While both the terminologies can be applied in case of humans (as they have a tail bone, i.e. caudal bone) but for animals, it is usually Cranial and Caudal only.
7. The antonym for ‘medial’ will be ___________
a) lateral
b) central
c) frontal
d) parallel
Explanation: Medial is the term which says towards the center or the mid-line of the body while lateral mean away from the central or the mid-line of the body. Here, the body is referred can be the whole body or a part of the body. The terms are usually taken in the sagittal plane, i.e. the plane that divides the body in equal right and left parts.
8. Proximal stands for away from the root of the structure while distal stands for towards the root of the structure.
a) True
b) False
Explanation: The sentences have been interchanged. Proximal is towards the root of the structure while distal is away from the root of the structure. For eg, the elbow joint is also called the Proximal Radioulnar Articular (or superior radioulnar joint) while the wrist joint is called the distal radioulnar articulation (or inferior radioulnar joint).
9. The term for ‘away from the surface’ is _____________
a) internal
b) external
c) superficial
d) deep
Explanation: Deep means away from the surface while superficial means on the surface. Internal is a term used for inside the body while external means outside the body.
10. In ‘flexion’ of the forearm, the humerus moves towards the radius and ulna. What movement will take the humerus away from the radius and ulna?
a) reflexion
b) deflection
c) extension
d) abduction
Explanation: Flexion means the movement of bending while extension means the movement of straightening. When the body is flexed, it is bended, either towards (bones) or away (muscles) from the mid-line. When the body is extended, it gets straightened, i.e. it goes back to its original shape.