1. ______ provides information important for interpreting the risk results.
a) Risk estimation
b) Risk description
c) Risk analysis
d) Risk output
Explanation: Risk description provides information important for interpreting the risk results and identifies a level for harmful effects on the plants and animals of concern
2. The important factors to be considered in the decision making process for ecological risk assessment are ______
a) Finding thresholds and identifying the potential for irreversible change
b) Chemical analysis
c) Rate of exposure
d) Dose response
Explanation: For risks due to long-term exposure to chemicals, the risk assessment activity generally incorporates the estimation of the response of people to the exposure and identifies the potential of threat for an irreversible change.
3. Adverse impact analysis is done to assist in judging whether the consequences are great enough to require increased management.
a) true
b) false
Explanation: Adverse impact analysis is conducted to estimate how much damage or injury can be expected from exposures to a given risk agent and to assist in judging whether these consequences are great enough to require increased management or regulation.
4. Risk assessment includes prioritization of risks, categorization of recommended safeguards.
a) true
b) false
Explanation: Risk Management includes prioritization of risks, categorization of recommended safeguards, feasibility of implementation, and other risk mitigation processes and solutions within the management, operational and technical environment
5. In ecological risk assessment, risk is expressed as the ratio of ________
a) PEC to PNEC
b) PNEC to PEC
c) PEC TO OEC
d) PEN TO PEC
Explanation: In ecological risk assessment, risk is expressed as the ratio of predicted environmental concentration (PEC) to predicted non – effect concentration (PNEC) for a particular chemical. A (PEC / PNEC) of less than 1 implies that the risk arising from the hazard of toxicity is low or effectively zero.
6. For existing chemicals, we should always consider ________ exposure assessment based on modelling, to derive an environmental concentration.
a) Better case
b) Reasonable worst case
c) Moderate case
d) High case
Explanation: After reasonable worst case exposure, the subsequent step is to estimate the substance’s release rate based upon its use pattern. All potential emission sources are analysed from production and formulation to use and disposal, and the receiving environmental compartment(s) is/are identified.
7. What is the task of risk management?
a) Implementing the management measures and allocating management resources
b) Chemical analysis
c) Exposure assessment
d) Toxicity assessment
Explanation: The most important task in risk management is implementing management measures and allocating management resources. This should be followed by monitoring the effectiveness of these measures over time.
8. What is the main goal of risk management?
a) Pathway analysis
b) Estimation
c) Transportation
d) Calculate probability of adverse effect on individual and population
Explanation: The main goal of risk management is to estimate and calculate probability of adverse effects on individual and population.
9. ________ is an example of indirect measurement in exposure assessment
a) Environmental measurement
b) Personal measurement
c) Biological exposure monitoring
d) Biological effect monitoring
Explanation: Direct methods of exposure assessment includes environmental measurement, personal measurement, biological exposure monitoring while indirect measurement includes biological effect monitoring, bio markers of exposure, surveys, consumption records.
10. Toxicological and epidemiological exposure-response relationship comes under ________
a) Consequence assessment
b) Chemical assessment
c) Character assessment
d) Co-existence assessment
Explanation: Key information in consequence assessment are exposure-response relationships, extrapolation from animal studies, toxicological exposure-response relationship, epidemiological exposure-response relationship, low-dose extrapolation problem, stochastic effects and modelling.