1.Which lining is restricted to small canals and water-courses?
a) Compacted earth lining
b) Asphalt lining
c) Sodium carbonate lining
d) Stone lining
Explanation: Sodium carbonate lining is not very durable and it lasts only for about 3 to 4 years in ordinary cases. Hence it is restricted to small canals and watercourses. This consists of a layer of clayey soil and sodium carbonate.
2. A flexible membrane impregnated with tar or bitumen is spread over the subgrade in _________________
a) asphalt lining
b) soil-cement lining
c) cement mortar lining
d) puddle clay lining
Explanation: In Asphalt lining a flexible membrane-like rot proof canvas or cloth is infused with tar or bitumen is spread over the subgrade. This forms an impervious barrier and is responsible for preventing seepage loss.
3. Puddle clay is laid on the subgrade to form a fairly water-tight coating.
a) True
b) False
Explanation: Puddle-clay is a clayey soil and it becomes fairly impervious when properly pugged and saturated with water. The thick layer of puddle-clay is protected with a 30 cm thick layer of a silty soil. This reduces seepage loss by 80 percent.
4. What is the safe limiting velocity for cement concrete lining?
a) 1.5 m/s
b) 2.2 m/s
c) 2.7 m/s
d) 1.8 m/s
Explanation: For cement concrete lining, the safe limiting velocity is 2.7 m/s. For boulder lining, it is 1.5 m/s and for burnt clay tile lining it is approximately 1.8 m/s. This serves as a guide for selecting canal slopes and alignments.
5. The most economical type of lining is the one which shows ____________
a) minimum benefit-cost ratio
b) maximum benefit-cost ratio
c) zero benefit-cost ratio
d) benefit-cost ratio = 1
Explanation: The one which shows the maximum annual benefit-cost ratio is the most economical lining. It may have a higher cost initially but longer life than another type of lining having a lesser value of the annual benefit-cost ratio.
6. Which of the following guideline is not recommended for the choice of lining when the bed width of the canal is up to 3 m?
a) Single burnt clay tile lining or brick lining
b) PCC slab lining
c) Flexible membrane lining with adequate earth/tile cover
d) In-situ cement concrete lining in bed as well as on sides
Explanation: The choice of suitable lining for different size of a canal depends on canal slopes and alignments, size and importance of canal, the climate of the area, initial expenditure, etc. In-situ cement concrete lining in bed and on sides is generally preferred for canals when bed width is greater than 8 m.
7. Which of the following is not a cause for the hydrostatic pressure on the lining?
a) Seeping of the rainwater in the backfill
b) When the water table remains below the canal bed
c) The backfill is of low drainage
d) The backfill is of high permeability (i.e. > 3 cm/sec)
Explanation: If the subgrade is made of clear gravel or sand of good permeability (> 3 cm/sec) and the water table is not likely to go above the canal bed no drainage arrangements may be necessary. There will be no appreciable time lag in the dissipation of drawdown pore pressures in the subgrade for such case.
8. Drainage relief pockets are provided ___________
a) at isolated locations in the bed as well as sides of the lined canal
b) in the bed of the canal
c) in the sides of the canal
d) anywhere in the canal
Explanation: Drainage relief pockets are provided with pressure relief valves filled with a graded filter containing gravel, coarse sand, and fine sand. They are provided at isolated locations in the bed as well as on the sides below the lining at suitable spacing (@ 15 to 20 m intervals).
9.The permeability of lining is also governed by the depth of water in the canal and type of subgrade soil.
a) True
b) False
Explanation: The permeability of lining may decide the quantum of seepage loss from a canal. The seepage losses from a canal for a particular area will depend on the local conditions such as the values of land and water, population intensity, etc.
10. Pressure relief valves may help in ___________
a) releasing the hydrostatic pressure
b) holding the hydrostatic pressure
c) increasing the hydrostatic pressure
d) may increase or decrease the hydrostatic pressure
Explanation: Pressure relief valve is a flap valve opening upwards into the canal. It helps in releasing the hydrostatic pressure as soon as the differential head exceeds the safe pressure. These valves open out as soon as the differential pressure goes beyond 10 cm.