a) fe=\(\frac{A_el_ef}{2} \int_{-1}^{1}\) NT dξ
b) fe= \(\frac{A_el_e}{2}\int_{}^{1}\) NT dξ
c) Conditioning strategies
d) fe=∫ NT dξ
Answer: a
Explanation: A body force is a force that acts throughout the volume of the body. In FEM, Element body force vector is given by
fe=\(\frac{A_el_ef}{2} \int_{-1}^{1}\) NT dξ
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