a) ξ
b) σ
c) ∅
d) Undefined
Answer: a
Explanation: FourNodeQuad is a four-node plane-strain element using bilinear isoparametric formulation. This element is implemented for simulating dynamic response of solid-fluid fully coupled material, based on Biot’s theory of porous medium. Each element node has 3 degrees-of-freedom (DOF): DOF 1 and 2 for solid displacement (u) and DOF 3 for fluid pressure (p).
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